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    STUDIES (Click on images below.) 
      
     Athanasius of Alexandria 
    David M. Gwynn --------------   
      
     Athanasius 
    Peter J. Leithart -------------- 
      
     Athanasius: A Theological Introduction 
    Thomas G. Weinandy --------------   
    TRANSLATIONS 
    
      
     Athanasius 
    Khaled Anatolios -------------- 
      
     On the Incarnation 
    John Behr -------------- 
    
      
     Works on the Spirit 
    Mark DelCogliano et al. --------------   
    
      
     The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus 
    R. C. Gregg --------------    | 
    
 3. The ‘Meletians’ to be acknowledged, and all who renounce 
heresy, especially as to the Holy Spirit. 
 
As many then as desire peace with us, and specially those who assemble in the 
Old [Church] and those again who are seceding from the Arians, do ye call to 
yourselves, and receive them as parents their sons, and welcome them as tutors 
and guardians; and unite them to our beloved Paulinus and his people, without 
requiring more from them than to anathematise the Arian heresy and confess the 
faith confessed by the holy fathers at Nicæa, and to anathematise also those who 
say that the Holy Spirit is a Creature and separate from the Essence of Christ. 
For this is in truth a complete renunciation of the abominable heresy of the 
Arians, to refuse to divide the Holy Trinity, or to say that any part of it is a 
creature. For those who, while pretending to cite the faith confessed at Nicæa, 
venture to blaspheme the Holy Spirit, do nothing more than in words deny the 
Arian heresy while they retain it in thought. But let the impiety of Sabellius 
and of Paul of Samosata also be anathematised by all, and the madness of 
Valentinian and Basilides, and the folly of the Manichæans. For if this be done, 
all evil suspicion will be removed on all hands, and the faith of the Catholic 
Church alone be exhibited in purity.  
 
4. The parties at Antioch to unite. 
 
But that we, and they who have ever remained in communion with us, hold this 
faith, we think no one of yourselves nor any one else is ignorant. But since we 
rejoice with all those who desire re-union, but especially with those that 
assemble in the Old [church], and as we glorify the Lord exceedingly, as for all 
things so especially for the good purpose of these men, we exhort you that 
concord be established with them on these terms, and, as we said above, without 
further conditions, without namely any further demand upon yourselves on the 
part of those who assemble in the Old [church], or Paulinus and his fellows 
propounding anything else, or aught beyond the Nicene definition.  
 
5. The creed of Sardica not an authorised formula. Question of ‘hypostasis.’ 
 
And prohibit even the reading or publication of the paper, much talked of by 
some, as having been drawn up concerning the Faith at the synod of Sardica. For 
the synod made no definition of the kind. For whereas some demanded, on the 
ground that the Nicene synod was defective, the drafting of a creed, and in 
their haste even attempted it, the holy synod assembled in Sardica was 
indignant, and decreed that no statement of faith should be drafted, but that 
they should be content with the Faith confessed by the fathers at Nicæa, 
inasmuch as it lacked nothing but was full of piety, and that it was undesirable 
for a second creed to be promulged, lest that drafted at Nicæa should be deemed 
imperfect, and a pretext be given to those who were often wishing to draft and 
define a creed. So that if a man propound the above or any other paper, stop 
them, and persuade them rather to keep the peace. For in such men we perceive no 
motive save only contentiousness. For as to those whom some were blaming for 
speaking of three Subsistences, on the ground that the phrase is unscriptural 
and therefore suspicious, we thought it right indeed to require nothing beyond 
the confession of Nicæa, but on account of the contention we made enquiry of 
them, whether they meant, like the Arian madmen, subsistences foreign and 
strange, and alien in essence from one another, and that each Subsistence was 
divided apart by itself, as is the case with creatures in general and in 
particular with those begotten of men, or like different substances, such as 
gold, silver, or brass;—or whether, like other heretics, they meant three 
Beginnings and three Gods, by speaking of three Subsistences.  
 
They assured us in reply that they neither meant this nor had ever held it. But 
upon our asking them ‘what then do you mean by it, or why do you use such 
expressions?’ they replied, Because they believed in a Holy Trinity, not a 
trinity in name only, but existing and subsisting in truth, ‘both a Father truly 
existing and subsisting, and a Son truly substantial and subsisting, and a Holy 
Spirit subsisting and really existing do we acknowledge,’ and that neither had 
they said there were three Gods or three beginnings, nor would they at all 
tolerate such as said or held so, but that they acknowledged a Holy Trinity but 
One Godhead, and one Beginning, and that the Son is coessential with the Father, 
as the fathers said; while the Holy Spirit is not a creature, nor external, but 
proper to and inseparable from the Essence of the Father and the Son.  
 
6. The question of one Subsistence (Hypostasis) or three, not to be pressed. 
 
Having accepted then these men’s interpretation and defence of their language, 
we made enquiry of those blamed by them for speaking of One Subsistence, whether 
they use the expression in the sense of Sabellius, to the negation of the Son 
and the Holy Spirit, or as though the Son were non-substantial, or the Holy 
Spirit impersonal. But they in their turn assured us that they neither meant 
this nor had ever held it, but ‘we use the word Subsistence thinking it the same 
thing to say Subsistence or Essence;’ ‘But we hold that there is One, because 
the Son is of the Essence of the Father, and because of the identity of nature. 
For we believe that there is one Godhead, and that it has one nature, and not 
that there is one nature of the Father, from which that of the Son and of the 
Holy Spirit are distinct.’ Well, thereupon they who had been blamed for saying 
there were three Subsistences agreed with the others, while those who had spoken 
of One Essence, also confessed the doctrine of the former as interpreted by 
them. And by both sides Arius was anathematised as an adversary of Christ, and 
Sabellius, and Paul of Samosata, as impious men, and Valentinus and Basilides as 
aliens from the truth, and Manichæus as an inventor of mischief. And all, by 
God’s grace, and after the above explanations, agree together that the faith 
confessed by the fathers at Nicæa is better than the said phrases, and that for 
the future they would prefer to be content to use its language.  
 
7. The human Nature of Christ complete, not Body only. 
 
But since also certain seemed to be contending together concerning the fleshly 
Economy of the Saviour, we enquired of both parties. And what the one confessed, 
the others also agreed to, that the Word did not, as it came to the prophets, so 
dwell in a holy man at the consummation of the ages, but that the Word Himself 
was made flesh, and being in the Form of God, took the form of a servant, and 
from Mary after the flesh became man for us, and that thus in Him the human race 
is perfectly and wholly delivered from sin and quickened from the dead, and 
given access to the kingdom of the heavens. For they confessed also that the 
Saviour had not a body without a soul, nor without sense or intelligence; for it 
was not possible, when the Lord had become man for us, that His body should be 
without intelligence: nor was the salvation effected in the Word Himself a 
salvation of body only, but of soul also. And being Son of God in truth, He 
became also Son of Man, and being God’s Only-begotten Son, He became also at the 
same time ‘firstborn among many brethren.’ Wherefore neither was there one Son 
of God before Abraham, another after Abraham: nor was there one that raised up 
Lazarus, another that asked concerning him; but the same it was that said as 
man, ‘Where does Lazarus lie;’ and as God raised him up: the same that as man 
and in the body spat, but divinely as Son of God opened the eyes of the man 
blind from his birth; and while, as Peter says, in the flesh He suffered, as God 
opened the tomb and raised the dead. For which reasons, thus understanding all 
that is said in the Gospel, they assured us that they held the same truth about 
the Word’s Incarnation and becoming Man.  
 
 
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